HEALTH

Measles deadlier than realised

GETTING measles is even more dangerous than doctors had realised, because it destroys immunity that the victim has acquired to other diseases, according to two new studies published by British and American researchers.
The findings help to explain why children often catch other infectious diseases after having measles.
The two studies, which were published simultaneously, said the research underscored the dangers of growing resistance to childhood vaccination in some countries.
The studies show for the first time how measles — one of the most contagious diseases — resets the human immune system back to an immature state like a baby’s, with only limited ability to fight off new infections.
The findings have implications for public health globally where a decline in trust in vaccines has led to a decline in vaccination rates, leading to outbreaks of measles.
Key points

• The research found measles resets the human immune system back to an immature state like a baby’s
• The studies both examined the effect of measles infections on unvaccinated children in the Netherlands
• Measles outbreaks can lead to a resurgence in other dangerous diseases such as flu, diphtheria and tuberculosis

These outbreaks in turn can allow a resurgence of other dangerous diseases such as flu, diphtheria and tuberculosis.
“This … is a direct demonstration in humans of ‘immunological amnesia’, where the immune system forgets how to respond to infections encountered before,” said Velislava Petrova of Britain’s Wellcome Sanger Institute and Cambridge University, who co-led one of the studies.
Stephen Elledge, a geneticist and researcher at the US Howard Hughes Medical Institute who co-led the second study, said its results constituted “really strong evidence that the measles virus is actually destroying the immune system”.
The measles virus causes coughing, rashes and fever and can lead to potentially fatal complications including pneumonia and an inflammation of the brain known as encephalitis.
Measles can be prevented with two doses of a vaccine that has been proven to be safe and effective and has been in use since the 1960s.
But World Health Organisation (WHO) experts warned three weeks ago of an “alarming upsurge” of cases in pockets of unvaccinated people in all regions of the world.
In the first three months of this year, the number of cases quadrupled from the same period in 2018, WHO data shows.
“The virus is much more deleterious than we realised, which means the vaccine is that much more valuable,” Dr Elledge said.
For this research, the two teams looked at a group of unvaccinated people in the Netherlands to find out what measles did to the immune system.
In one study, they sequenced antibody genes from 26 children, before and then 40 to 50 days after measles infection.
They found that specific antibodies that had been built up against other diseases had disappeared from the children’s blood.
Results from the second study found that measles infection destroyed between 11 per cent and 73 per cent of the children’s protective antibodies — the blood proteins that “remember” past encounters with viruses and help the body avoid repeat infections — leaving them vulnerable to infections they had previously been immune to.
-Reuters

Yoga teachers ‘risking serious hip problems’

YOGA’S popularity does not look like it will wane any time soon.
Its physical benefits for flexibility and balance, as well as its spiritual connection, mean it’s practised by millions across the world.
And that means a need for more and more yoga teachers.
But now, there is a warning they may be putting their own hip health at risk.
Benoy Matthews, a leading UK-based physiotherapist, warns he is seeing increasing numbers of yoga teachers with serious hip problems – many of whom require surgery – because they are pushing their bodies too hard.
Matthews, a specialist hip and knee physiotherapist and member of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapists, says he sees four to five yoga teachers a month.
He says the problem lies in people repeatedly pushing their bodies into “prescribed” positions, when their physiology prevents it.
About half of the teachers he sees simply need advice on how to moderate the “prescribed” yoga positions, so as not to put too much stress on their joints.
But those with more advanced problems need medical treatment and surgery – including total hip replacements.
“People confuse stiffness and pain,” he says. “If there is a pinching or blocking feeling in the groin, it shouldn’t be ignored. You have to know your limits.”
Matthews has specialised in hips and knees for the last eight of his 22 years as a physio.
He says it can be easy for yoga practitioners to mistake joint pain, which means they should stop the movement, for stiffness, which they should push through.
“We all know about the health benefits of yoga – I practise it myself,” he says. “But, like anything, it can cause injury. We can’t put it on a pedestal.
“I don’t want to denounce yoga, after all it’s been going for thousands of years. But you have to understand yourself.”
Matthews says the problem often boils down to how a person’s hips are formed and how flexible they are.
“What’s achievable for one might not be achievable for others,” he says. “People tend to do the same set positions, rather than what’s achievable for them.
“Ego might mean them trying to take a position ‘all the way’ to the end when they should just stop where it’s comfortable.
“Just because the person next to you can reach all the way doesn’t mean it’s necessary, or desirable, to do the same.”
Matthews says the amount of yoga teachers do, as well as the fact they might not be doing any other kind of exercise, can explain the problems that develop.
“They might be doing yoga six days a week and think that’s enough, without doing any other kind of exercise, like cardio or cross training,” he says.
“It’s like anything. If you do the same thing again and again, there can be problems. You need to mix it up in terms of the kind of exercise you do.
“The yoga teachers I’m seeing are young – 40, 42.
“If they come limping and can’t walk more than 10m, say, there’s no amount of physio that can help them. If it’s two years in, even the best physio can’t do anything.
Sometimes they can have keyhole surgery (hip arthroscopy), or it’s a replacement.
Matthews suggests new yoga teachers should be assessed.
“You could see what mobility they have and what their body is allowing them to do,” he says.
Natalie Gartshore has been a yoga teacher for 16 years. She thinks the popularity of yoga means it’s effectively a victim of its own success.
“I don’t think you’re told very much when you’re training as a teacher about physiology or anatomy,” she says. “There is an overuse issue.
“If you got people en masse taking up ballet, you would get the same results.”
Natalie, now 45, tore the cartilage in her hip five years ago.
She now makes sure she manages her class workload and doesn’t work weekends. But she says it’s hard for newly qualified teachers to do the same.
“They’ll be doing five classes a day, running around, working weekends,” she says.
The British Wheel of Yoga is approved by Sports England, as the practice’s governing body.
Wendy Haring, its chair of education, says: “It’s probably true in some schools of yoga, where people hold poses for a long time without modification, that’s when there are problems.”
But learning about anatomy and physiology is a “major part” of BWP-approved courses.
“We would teach people how to modify poses,” Mrs Haring says.
She adds though, people teaching yoga do need to take care and advises anyone wanting to train to make sure their courses are Ofqual-approved.
Pip White, professional adviser at the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, says: “Yoga is a fantastic activity for people to do, with lots of benefits for your health and general wellbeing.
“However, as with any form of exercise, it’s important to do it safely and in this case, also understanding your own limits, as we are all built differently.
“Yoga is not about being in competition with anyone else. If you stay aware of your abilities and practise within your own limits, you will gain all the great benefits this practice has to offer.” -BBC