Policy and structural transformation

By MICHAEL JOHN UGLO
A COMPUTERISED programme is used to dispense information from a medium to write, store and read messages from a method called magnetic reversals.
This comes with the idea of modulation and demodulation of a wave that carries that particular information called the carrier wave. Information is very, very important for the society because its dissemination or transmission can transform societies for much needed changes to take place.
People can experience swift changes like never before. Mediums of transformation can be magnetic character recognition like a government check that can be read by detecting machines from the banks.
Also information and messages can simply be obtained from light like fibre optics. That is signals received from devices such as phototransistors from an electronic hardware. Further science to that is that the amplitude (spectral wavelength) with the message is obtained from a light emitting diode. This electronics and can also be in the form of an optical character recognition where lights can be used to manipulate information. Subsequently information is now made available to the public for use.
For PNG to develop to new next levels exports have to be promoted. Furthermore, there has to be “a shift or change in the basic ways in which a market or an economy functions or operates for those levels to be achieved. This is the integral part of development economics and policy-making for many decades” according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Policy Issues in International Trade and Commodities Study Series No. 6 Industrial Policy and the WTO by Bijit Bora UNCTAD and Flinders University of South Australia Peter J\ Lloyd University of Melbourne Mari Pangestu Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta.
Further to this as stated in the above report the “Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the value of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) for developing countries continues to be hotly debated.”
This section is very important and holds the heterogeneity in the dual plus the neoclassical developmental economic models regarding technology and innovation to take place in a nation like PNG. The report states: “The agreement consists of three parts: standards, enforcement and dispute settlement. It involved, perhaps more than any of the other agreements, substantial changes in national legislation. These changes are designed to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) and to have a positive impact on local innovation, FDI and technology transfer.
“However, at the same time a number of negative impacts, at least as far 27 Moran (1998) cites evidence of the policy having a positive impact on the development of local capacity. In doing so, however, he does not mention the costs of the policies as developing countries concerned, were predicted (UNCTAD, 1996). These included higher prices for protected technologies and products, and restricted possibilities for diffusion through reverse engineering. Also, new legislation in developing countries required further examination of the balance between the degree of protection required for innovation and the restricted diffusion of technologies.”
Here we have the recognition for local patents and innovation to come to the rescue of a nation such as PNG apart from its non-renewable resources like LNG, gold, copper etc. We are mostly orally moulded and culturally bred so we do not really see the importance of this gigantic local intangible and untapped resources in knowledge, ideas and patents with copyrights instore for sudden innovation and breakthroughs.
Majority of our people including our decision-makers and dignitaries take trivial notice. They always run after what they can physically see for short term gain. This is our inherent deficient foresightedness and absolute stupidity despite being independent and educated for the last 45 years. We can assert this with maximal certainty because it is reflective in our national decision makers’ handling of national matters. They have minimal time to embrace intelligent ideas which they do not realise that this is the very impetus that can take this nation to the next stage of development.

Institutions of production
For an aircraft to lift from the runway, it is purely created by a pressure difference. The difference is from the wing-shaped air foil from which the wind flows faster than the lower lying foil whereby a pressure difference is created. This allows for a lift force to be generated and as the plane thrusts forward as powered by its combustion engine the plane is lifted. The application of this technology has an ocean effect on the people’s lives as it becomes a medium of transport from the air just like land, sea and the undersea medium of transportations.
The above is an application of science and technological approach on the available agents to outsource and synchronise. This is an innovative scientific approach of outsourcing and synchronising is used to create breakthrough products and services worldwide.
In a lecture by RH Coase on “Occasional Papers from The Law School The University of Chicago” he explained in his view why, these features of the economic system were ignored and why their recognition will lead to a change in the way we analyse the working of the economic system and in the way we think about economic policy, changes which are already beginning to occur.” This is all a matter of recognising our resource both intangible and tangible resources to create indispensable changes to ameliorate peoples livelihood for a better and fulfilling life.

Growth promoting structural change
The atmospheric pressure has a magnitude of 1.01×105 Pa (Pascal) = 1 atm. This is the standard pressure applied on objects on the earth’s surface. It is combined with the gravitational field strength which measures at a standard size of approximately 10 ms-2 (meters per second squared). In the earth’s atmosphere gravity is the cause of the air pressure. Thus, the two forces from atmospheric pressure multiplied by the area of an object at a particular location on the earth plus the gravitational field strength are inextricably linked as seen above to produce outcomes such as your weight measured in newtons or kilogram per meter squared (Kgms-2). After knowing the weight, you can for instance ascertain the mass (mass is measured in kilograms or Kg) of your body for health reasons or calculate the total mass a particular Air Niugini plane is supposed to carry.
Likewise, as explained by Grossman and Helpman 1991; Aghion and Hewitt 1992 that
“Two traditions exist side‐by‐side within growth economics. Dual economy models are built on structural heterogeneity. Accumulation, innovation, and productivity growth all take place in the modern sector – often in unexplained ways – while the traditional sector remains technologically backward and stagnant. Economy‐wide growth therefore depends in large part on the rate at which resources – principally labour – can migrate from the traditional to the modern sectors. In neoclassical models, by contrast, growth depends on the incentives to save, accumulate physical and human capital, and (in subsequent variants that endogenize technological change) innovate by developing new products and processes.
In such an inextricably bound matrices, like in the unfolding of a three-dimensional protein molecule, or electronic fault finding, medical diagnosis or even mineral prospecting with the use of technology, this creates just the perfect atmosphere for and new innovative products to be made to solve problems.
It will then generate handsomely when this product is selling. This is the innovation and technology PNG needs, to compete with the rest of the other world economies to keep its head above the waters or failure will mean inundation by the flood water of technology.
We have the last two technology articles in this series which will appear in January 2021. These titles are; 1. Democracy or dictatorship – production structures in different countries with different political systems with technology; and 2. Technology, economic structures, income distribution and political power.
I wish all technology readers a joyous Christmas and an abounding 2021.

Note: If you are not about anything this or previous articles in this series on technology and digital economy and need explanation, you can order the entire series which can be sent with elaborations. You can also send any comment to be taken on board for the next article to [email protected]

• The author is a lecturer in avionics, auto-piloting and aircraft engineering