Challenges for TB control and prevention in PNG

TBIPC should be part of a comprehensive occupational health approach for promoting the well being of healthcare workers as well as reducing the TB burden on the broader community in PNG, explains Gigil Marme and co-authors.

DESPITE the availability of preventive tuberculosis (TB) medications, TB remains a critical public health challenge in Papua New Guinea.
Although PNG is no longer one of the 30 countries with a high TB/human immunodeficiency virus burden identified by World Health Organisation, a high burden of TB and multi-drug resistant TB remains.
In 2011, the Department of Health introduced the National Tuberculosis Management Protocol, including TB infection prevention control (TBIPC) guidelines as a critical strategy to manage the high TB burden in the country.
These guidelines aim to interrupt TB transmission cycle in healthcare institutions and prevent spread into the communities.
Though the guidelines have been promoted in PNG health sector as a policy for over a decade, little information about the implementation of this policy is available to inform policymakers, health managers, and clinicians.
Research indicates that health facilities implementing optimum TBIPC guidelines have effectively prevented TB transmission among susceptible individuals.
For example, one successful strategy that highlights the efficacy of a TBIPC programme in healthcare institutions was the implementation of a cough officer screening (COS) system in a hospital in Taiwan.
This technique was an administrative control measure that trains nurses to promptly detect patients and guardians with coughs, and alert physicians.
Through the operationalisation of the COS system, 184 – from a total of 7998 (2.3 per cent) – “cough patients” were diagnosed with TB by the consulting physicians and were started on correct TB medications.
This research suggests that without the COS system, these patients would have remained undiagnosed, endangering the lives of healthcare workers (HCWs), patients and guardians, and others in the broader community.
Despite the effectiveness of TBIPC, its implementation still needs to be improved in many healthcare institutions globally, particularly in low-income countries such as PNG.
Our recent evaluation of the TBIPC guideline in district hospitals in the Highlands and Mamose – using World Health Organisation Infection Prevention Control Assessment Framework – reveals that about 80 per cent of the district hospitals in the study sample have either an inadequate or only basic level of TBIPC practice.
This finding is consistent with studies in the Highlands from a decade ago.
According to WHO standards, health facilities with this status require significant improvement in TBIPC practice.
The picture that emerged from our analysis is one of relatively low priority for implementation in PNG’s healthcare sector coupled with a myriad of challenges in district hospitals.
For example, although most rural hospitals have a TBIPC plan, no specific budget has been allocated to execute its activities.
In addition, our study revealed chronic shortages of key HCWs in district hospitals, increasing workloads, and competing tasks for the limited staff.
This has seriously paralysed TBIPC activities, including patient triaging, cough education, screening and community education.
Additionally, HCWs in district hospitals need more training on IPC practices.
Currently, it appears that training opportunities that do exist are only accessible to TB programme officers, leaving nurses, community health workers, and laboratory technicians – without this critical knowledge about TBIPC.
Our evaluation in the Highlands and Mamose also aligns with other reports that showed a chronic shortage of essential medical supplies in rural health settings in other parts of PNG.
Worse still, about 50 per cent (five of 10) of the district hospitals have no designated TB wards.
Our study revealed patients diagnosed with positive and suspected TB cases were forced to be admitted with immunosuppressed patients with medical conditions in general medical wards.
This phenomenon completely violates the recommended protocol of IPC standards, and endangers the health of other patients.
The recent Coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the significance of IPC measures in preventing healthcare-associated infections.
But rural health services – that serve more than 85 per cent of the inhabitants in PNG – are under-resourced and lack good governance, leadership, and accountability at the provincial health authority level.
There is an urgent need to invest in strengthening interventions as articulated in the National Health Plan 2021-30, such as: training and capacity building for HCWs; improvement in healthcare institutions’ infrastructure; consistent supply of protective technologies and drugs; maintenance of medical equipment; upgrading of rural laboratory settings; sufficient funding; adequate healthcare personnel; good governance and leadership; and availability of TB IPC guidelines at the PHA level and communicated to HCWs in rural health facilities.
A robust health system and sound supporting infrastructure, including water and electricity, are essential facilitators of TBIPC practice in rural health settings.
It is imperative to note that if relevant stakeholders have not adequately supported TBIPC policy over the past decade, there is no guarantee that other similar public health policies, such as the National Infection Prevention Control Policy, will be supported.
There is, however, an opportunity to move TBIPC from the silo of national TB programmes and embed it in the National Health Plan (in key result areas four and five, combating infectious diseases burden and health systems strengthening strategies).
Furthermore, TBIPC should be perceived as part of a comprehensive occupational health approach for promoting the wellbeing of HCWs as well as reducing TB burden on the broader community.

This article appeared first on Devpolicy Blog (devpolicy.org), from the Development Policy Centre at The Australian National University.

Gigil Marme is a lecturer in public health at Divine Word University, PNG. He is currently studying for a PhD in Public Health Policy at Griffith University, Australia.

Jerzy Kuzma is professor of surgery, and head of the department of medicine at Divine Word University, PNG.

Neil Harris is director, higher degree research for the Health Group, and professor of public health within the school of medicine at Griffith University.

Peta-Anne Zimmerman directs the graduate Infection Prevention and Control Programme at Griffith University, and is a member of the Menzies Health Institute Queensland and visiting research fellow with the Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Australia.

Shannon Rutherford is an associate professor of public health in the school of medicine and dentistry at Griffith University.